Monserrat, Spain.

🚨 Tim Cook has officially said Good Bye as the CEO of #Apple The end of an era. #WWDC #Apple

Apple’s “Deep Fashion” is apparently adding simple shopping features to photos. It’s a trend everyone’s following because commerce will always drive the internet. #WWDC #Apple

Of course: Apple’s image generation will have daily usage limits. #WWDC #Apple

The new ”spatial reframing” feature stands out. Users can preview the effect in real time, with blurred areas that generative models later complete. It’s a practical and tasteful use of image generation, working across existing photos in your library. I’m eager to see how well it performs in real-world use. #WWDC #Apple

Want a shortcut? No problem. Apple Intelligence will create it for you. #WWDC #Apple

You can now create shortcuts using natural language. #WWDC #Apple

Safari can now monitor tabs for changes, allowing you to know if they refresh for items such as concert tickets. #WWDC #Apple

Tossa de Mar, Barcelona.

WHAT IF THE SPACE INSIDE BITCOIN’S BLOCKS IS WORTH MORE THAN BITCOIN ITSELF? This sounds insane. Two serious thinkers believe it’s inevitable. Most people who own Bitcoin think they understand what they own. A scarce digital asset. Twenty-one million coins. The hardest money ever created. The exit from fiat. They’ve read the books, listened to the podcasts, stacked the sats. They’re not wrong. But they might be thinking too small. Because there’s a debate quietly building at the edges of Bitcoin thought… in MIT theses, in mining boardrooms, in conversations between geopolitical strategists and energy executives… that asks a question most Bitcoiners haven’t seriously considered: What if the real prize isn’t the coin? What if it’s the block? TWO PEOPLE YOU SHOULD KNOW Before we go further, you need to meet the two people at the center of this debate. The first is Major : an active-duty US Space Force officer, astronautical engineer, and MIT Systems Design and Management Fellow. His day job involved advising senior US military leaders on national security. His spare time produced a 400-page MIT thesis called Softwar: A Novel Theory on Power Projection and the National Strategic Significance of Bitcoin. The Pentagon reportedly tried to classify it. It got out anyway. The second is : Chairman and CEO of Barefoot Mining, board member of the mining pool Ocean, and contributor to Bitcoin Magazine. He came up through the PC hardware industry before going deep into Bitcoin mining infrastructure. He’s not a theorist. He’s an operator who builds things, runs numbers, and has arrived (through pure bottom-up observation) at conclusions that rhyme eerily with Lowery’s top-down academic framework. One man approached this from the sky. One from the ground. They landed in the same place. THE PREMISE THAT CHANGES EVERYTHING Here’s the question you have to sit with before any of this makes sense: What is Bitcoin, actually? Not what the price is. Not what the ETF inflows say. Not what CNBC calls it when it goes up and what they call it when it goes down. What. Is. It. Most people say: digital gold. A store of value. Sound money for the internet age. Jason Lowery says: you are using the wrong frame entirely. In Softwar, he argues that Bitcoin’s proof-of-work mechanism isn’t primarily a monetary system. It’s a physical power projection technology: the first of its kind ever deployed in cyberspace. Here’s what he means. In the physical world, control over territory has always been established through the expenditure of physical energy. You secure an oil field with soldiers. You secure a shipping lane with a navy. You secure airspace with fighter jets. The entity willing to expend the most physical energy wins the right to control the resource. Lowery looked at Bitcoin’s mining process and saw the same thing happening: but in a new domain. When miners compete to produce the next block, they are burning real, physical, thermodynamic energy (megawatts of electricity) to win the right to write the next page of Bitcoin’s ledger. The winner controls what gets recorded, what transactions settle, what data becomes permanently true. In other words: mining is warfare. Blockspace is the territory. And the coin is just one of the things you can put on the land you’ve conquered. He goes further. In nature, animals evolved antlers, tusks, and size not to kill each other, but to demonstrate the capacity to expend energy… a non-lethal proxy for dominance. The stag with the largest antlers doesn’t fight to the death. It burns energy growing those antlers, signals its power, and the weaker competitor yields. Bitcoin proof-of-work, Lowery argues, is antlers for nation-states. A country that builds massive mining infrastructure isn’t just earning coins. It’s projecting physical power into cyberspace. It’s saying: we are willing and able to burn more energy than you to control this territory. It replaces kinetic warfare with energy competition. And the territory being competed over (the thing worth projecting all that power to control) is blockspace. BOB BURNETT BUILDS THE ECONOMIC CASE If Lowery is the strategic theorist, Burnett is the man who watches the actual market and describes what he sees. His thesis doesn’t start with antlers and military doctrine. It starts with a simple observation about scarcity that most people miss. You’ve heard that Bitcoin is scarce. Twenty-one million coins. Fixed supply. Decreasing issuance at each halving. True. But Burnett points out something even more absolutely scarce: a block. Bitcoin produces one block approximately every ten minutes. Each block holds roughly 4 megabytes of data. That’s it. That’s the entire global capacity of Bitcoin’s settlement layer… at any given moment in time, the space available to record transactions on the most secure ledger in human history is ruthlessly, permanently, non-negotiably finite. You can’t print more blockspace. You can’t issue emergency blockspace. No central bank can expand it. No Congress can vote on it. No emergency protocol changes it. “Blockspace is an absolutely scarce commodity in any window of time,” Burnett has said repeatedly. Not just scarce. Absolutely scarce. A different category of thing entirely. Now think about what happens as Bitcoin becomes the base layer of global money. Today, most Bitcoin demand flows through ETFs and large custodians. These institutions hold coins in custody and rarely settle on-chain. An empty mempool (which Jameson Lopp has called “a sign that sovereign usage of Bitcoin is extremely low”) reflects a world where most Bitcoin exposure is financial rather than functional. But that changes. It has to change. As Bitcoin becomes the settlement layer for nation-state treasuries, corporate balance sheets, international trade, and sovereign debt instruments, the demand to settle on-chain doesn’t grow linearly. It explodes. And when it does… when JPMorgan, the US Treasury, the Saudi sovereign wealth fund, and the German pension system all need to settle transactions on the same 4-megabyte canvas every ten minutes… what happens to the price of blockspace? Burnett’s answer: it becomes the most contested resource in the global financial system. THE PART THAT SHOULD MAKE YOU UNCOMFORTABLE Here is where both theses converge on something that sounds extreme until you sit with it. Burnett has said, publicly, that wars will be fought over Bitcoin blockspace. Not metaphorical wars. Not market competition dressed up in dramatic language. Actual geopolitical conflict over who controls access to Bitcoin’s settlement layer. His reasoning: “As Bitcoin continues its path toward becoming a foundational layer of money, control over its blockspace could become a source of geopolitical tension.” He predicts the emergence of blockspace cartels… coalitions of mining companies, financial institutions, and nation-states that pool resources to control large percentages of hash rate, then offer preferential settlement access to members while excluding outsiders. He believes the largest miners of the future won’t be public companies motivated by the block reward. They’ll be financial institutions and nation-states motivated by control. Lowery arrived at the same conclusion from a completely different direction. In Softwar, he explicitly frames this as the emerging strategic battleground of the 21st century… the cyber equivalent of the naval arms race that defined the 20th. The country that dominates global hash rate doesn’t just earn bitcoin. It controls who settles what on the world’s neutral monetary ledger. Think about what that means. If your country needs to transfer sovereign reserves (to sanction-proof its treasury, to settle a bilateral trade agreement, to repatriate assets) you need blockspace. Not coins. Space in a block. And if a hostile power controls the majority of global hash rate, they can delay your transactions. They can reorder them. They can, in the most extreme scenario, simply choose not to include you. The coin is your wealth. The blockspace is your access to the system that makes wealth meaningful. BUT WAIT: DOES NOT THIS THREATEN BITCOIN? This is the right question. And it’s where the thesis becomes genuinely uncomfortable for some Bitcoiners. The Bitcoin ethos is built on neutrality. No censorship. No gatekeepers. No rulers… only rules. The 21 million cap is inviolable. The protocol belongs to no one and everyone simultaneously. If blockspace becomes a geopolitical weapon, does that compromise everything Bitcoin was built to be? Burnett’s response is essentially: the protocol itself doesn’t change. Bitcoin’s rules remain intact. What changes is the market for the space inside each block… and markets, by definition, allocate scarce resources to whoever values them most and is willing to pay. In a state where blockspace is worth geopolitical dominance, the people who pay the most will be the most powerful actors on earth. The fee market becomes the battlefield. And the miners who earn those fees (who construct those templates, who decide which transactions go in) become the most strategically important infrastructure operators in the global economy. Lowery’s framing is more optimistic than it first appears. If nation-states compete through hash rate rather than through bombs, the outcome is a world where physical power is projected through energy expenditure rather than human death. The arms race shifts from nuclear warheads to mining rigs. Mutually Assured Destruction becomes Mutually Assured Computation. That’s not a bug. That might be the most important feature Bitcoin has that no one is talking about. WHAT THIS MEANS IF THEY ARE RIGHT Let’s play it out. If Lowery and Burnett are right (even partially right) then several things follow that most of the Bitcoin community hasn’t priced in. Miners are not extractors. They are sovereign infrastructure. The public narrative treats miners as a necessary inconvenience… the energy-hungry middlemen who earn coins and sell them. If blockspace is the prize, miners are the landlords of the most valuable real estate in the digital economy. Their power doesn’t diminish after the last halving. It compounds. The block reward ending is not the crisis people fear. Burnett has argued that historical fee norms (around 0.335 BTC per block) will be vastly exceeded as institutional and sovereign demand floods the fee market. The subsidy doesn’t need to sustain mining. The fees will, because the entities paying them will have no choice. Blockspace futures are the next trillion-dollar market. Burnett is already building this. The concept of a forward marketplace for blockspace (where major institutions pre-purchase guaranteed settlement priority at a specific time) is not speculative fiction. It’s the logical infrastructure for a world where missing a settlement window has geopolitical consequences. The coin and the space are different assets. This is the mind-bending conclusion. You can own bitcoin (the coin) without controlling blockspace. And controlling blockspace doesn’t require owning coins. In a fully financialized world, these may trade separately, with blockspace commanding a premium that reflects not just monetary demand but sovereign, strategic, and military value. THE HONEST COUNTERARGUMENT None of this is settled. Smart people push back hard. Critics of Lowery’s thesis point out that the proof-of-work as warfare framing is metaphorical, not literal… that nation-state hash wars remain largely theoretical, and that the current equilibrium of corporate miners and pools doesn’t obviously translate to geopolitical arms races. Critics of Burnett’s more bullish projections note that a truly empty mempool today (despite Bitcoin trading near all-time highs) suggests that institutional demand hasn’t yet translated into on-chain settlement pressure. ETF buyers don’t need blockspace. They need Blackrock. And there’s a deeper philosophical tension: Bitcoin’s neutrality depends on no single actor controlling enough hash rate to censor transactions. If blockspace becomes a strategic weapon, the very power dynamics that make blockspace valuable could undermine the protocol’s credibility as neutral money. A Bitcoin that powerful states can throttle is a different Bitcoin than Satoshi envisioned. These are real objections. They deserve to be taken seriously. BUT HERE IS THE THING The biggest ideas in Bitcoin history sounded ridiculous when they were first articulated. Digital gold? Ridiculous. You can’t touch it. Nation-state adoption? Ridiculous. Governments would never. Corporate treasury reserve asset? Ridiculous. No CFO would sign off. Each of these was dismissed until it wasn’t. Until the logic became undeniable and the only question left was timing. The blockspace thesis is at that early stage right now. The logic is compelling. The infrastructure is being built. The players are waking up… financial institutions, nation-states, sovereign wealth funds. The forward marketplace is being designed. The hash rate arms race is beginning. And the people at the center of it (a Space Force officer who spent years thinking about cyberspace security at MIT, and a mining industry veteran who has been watching blocks fill and empty for years) are not cranks. They are serious, credentialed thinkers who arrived at the same conclusion through entirely different paths. In Bitcoin, that kind of convergence tends to mean something. THE FINAL QUESTION You hold bitcoin. You believe in sound money. You understand the 21-million-cap argument, the halving cycle, the Austrian economics case for a non-inflationary monetary system. Now ask yourself one more question. When the world’s reserve system settles on Bitcoin (when sovereign treasuries and corporate balance sheets and bilateral trade agreements all need to write to the same ten-minute ledger) who will control what gets written? Not who owns the coins. Who controls the space. If Lowery and Burnett are right, that question will define the geopolitical order of the 21st century. And right now, almost nobody is asking it.

Btw, in Vision OS, Siri can initiate a conversation by simply looking at the floating orb. It can also allow users to ask questions about physical objects in their surroundings, similar to Google Lens. #WWDC

Apple is expanding visual intelligence to Mac, iPad and VisionOS. This feature is comparable to Google’s ‘Circle to Search’ and can also add events to a calendar. #WWDC #Apple